It is important to evaluate the immune system in children diagnosed with autism for several reasons:

1. Children with autism may be at increased risk of immune disorders: Children with autism have been observed to be at increased risk of immune disorders and allergies, suggesting that the immune system may be compromised in some cases. Assessing the immune system in these children can help identify any underlying immune dysfunction that may be contributing to recurrent infections.
2. Children with autism may have difficulty communicating symptoms: Children with autism often have difficulty communicating their symptoms, which can make it difficult to diagnose and treat recurrent infections. Testing the immune system can provide objective information about a child's immune function and help health professionals identify any underlying immune problems.
3. Children with autism may have an increased susceptibility to certain infections: Some studies have suggested that children with autism may have an increased susceptibility to certain infections, such as middle ear infections and respiratory infections. Assessing the immune system in these children can help identify any underlying factors that may be contributing to susceptibility to these infections.

Below we detail the main blood markers that are most useful when evaluating the immune system.

LYMPHOCYTE POPULATION TEST

• CD3 lymphocytes They are a subgroup of T lymphocytes that are responsible for the cellular immune response. These lymphocytes recognize specific antigens and activate other cells of the immune system to fight infected or cancer cells. 
• CD4 lymphocytes They are a subgroup of T4 lymphocytes, also known as T helper lymphocytes, which help activate and regulate the immune response. They are essential for the adaptive immune response and play an important role in immunity against viral infections. 
• CD8 lymphocytes are a subgroup of T8 lymphocytes, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, that have the ability to kill infected or cancer cells. 
• The CD4/CD8 ratio provides information about the relationship between these two subsets of lymphocytes. A low ratio may indicate an infection or an autoimmune disorder, while a high ratio may indicate an opportunistic infection or an overactive immune response. 
• CD19 lymphocytes They are a subgroup of B lymphocytes, which are responsible for the humoral immune response. These lymphocytes produce specific antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses. 
• true NK cells They are a subgroup of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, which play an important role in the innate immune response. These lymphocytes are capable of destroying infected or cancer cells without the need for prior signalling. 
• Activated T8 lymphocytes They are a subgroup of T8 lymphocytes that are activated to fight infected or cancer cells. The measurement of these lymphocytes provides information about the ability of the immune system to respond to infection or cancer. 
• B lymphocytes (CD19+CD5+) they do not provide information at all about the number of B lymphocytes present in the blood, which is useful for assessing the function of the humoral immune response. 
• Activated T lymphocytes (CD3/DR) they provide information about the number of activated T lymphocytes in the blood, which is useful for assessing the cellular immune response. 
• T4 helper lymphocytes (CD4+CD29+) they do not provide information at all about the number of T4 helper lymphocytes present in the blood, which is useful for assessing the function of the adaptive immune response. 
• Naive (naive) T4 lymphocytes co-express CD4CD45RA provide information about the number and characteristics of naive T4 lymphocytes, which are necessary for an effective immune response 

• CD8+ CD57 cytotoxic T lymphocytes– provide information about the number and characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are necessary to destroy infected or cancer cells. 
• CD4 helper T lymphocytes (CD4+CD29+) They provide information on the number and characteristics of CD4 helper T lymphocytes, which are necessary to activate and regulate the immune response. 
• Senescent CD8+ CD57 T8 lymphocytes+ provide information about the number of senescent T8 lymphocytes, which are less effective in killing infected or cancer cells. 
• LGL type T lymphocytes (NKT CD3+ CD56+) provide information about the number and characteristics of LGL-type T lymphocytes, which are a specific subgroup of T lymphocytes with characteristics similar to those of NK lymphocytes Total TREGs lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+CD127lo) They provide information about the number and characteristics of regulatory lymphocytes, which are necessary to regulate the immune response and prevent autoimmune responses.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

• IgE
• IgA
• IgM
• IgD
• IgG
• Subclass-IgG1
• Subclass -IgG2
• Subclass -IgG3
• Subclass -IgG4

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. Immunoglobulins are responsible for recognizing, binding and neutralizing these substances, preventing their ability to cause disease.

There are five main classes of immunoglobulins, called IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. each with specific functions and present in different parts of the body.

• IgG They are the most abundant in the blood and are responsible for the defense against bacterial and viral infections.
• IgA They are found mainly in the mucosa and membranes of the body, and protect against infections in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
• IgM They are the first to appear in the immune response and are responsible for the elimination of infectious agents in the blood.
• IgE they are involved in allergic reactions and defenses against parasites.
• Finally, the IgD they are found mainly on the surface of B lymphocytes and their function is not entirely clear.

COMPLEMENT

• CH50 (Full Complement)
• CH100 (Alternative route)
• C3
• C4

Supplements are a set of immune system proteins that act in a cascade to promote and amplify the body's immune response. Complements are produced by the liver and circulate in the blood in an inactive form until activated by infection or by antibody binding to foreign cell surface antigens.

Supplements have various roles in the immune response, including lysis (destruction) of bacteria and infected cells, opsonization of antigens to facilitate their removal by phagocytes, activation of inflammatory cells, and regulation of the immune response.

Supplements are classified into three main pathways of activation: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. Each of these pathways is activated differently, but they all converge in a series of cascading reactions that culminate in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is capable of lysing foreign cells. .

MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
• TNF Alpha (tumor necrosis factor
• interleukin 1
• interleukin 6
• interleukin 17a
• Neuron specific enolase

C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver in response to acute inflammation and is commonly used as a marker of bacterial infections or inflammatory processes in the body. TNF-α is a protein produced by macrophages and other immune cells that acts as a mediator of inflammation and has been linked to various chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Proinflammatory interleukins are also proteins produced by immune cells that are involved in various inflammatory processes and have been linked to autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases.

Neuron-Specific Enolase, also known as NSE for its acronym in English (Neuron-Specific Enolase), is an enzyme present in neurons and some endocrine cells. Measurement of NSE levels in the blood is used as a marker of neuronal damage, since it is released into the bloodstream in situations of cell injury or death. NSE can be an indicator of damage to the central nervous system, and its measurement can be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of various neurological pathologies, such as head injuries, cerebrovascular accidents, meningitis, encephalitis, neurodegeneration, among others.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a type of proinflammatory cytokine that is produced in response to infection or inflammation in the body. Elevated levels of IL-1 in a blood test may indicate the presence of an inflammatory response in the body, such as an infection or autoimmune disease.

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a protein that is produced in response to inflammation and has various functions in the immune system, including stimulating B cell production and T cell differentiation. In a blood test, Elevated levels of IL-6 can indicate the presence of acute or chronic inflammation in the body, and have been associated with various autoimmune diseases, infections, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a protein produced by immune cells, including T cells and innate defense cells, such as neutrophils. IL-17A has been shown to play an important role in inflammation and the immune response to certain infections and autoimmune diseases.

Detection of elevated levels of IL-17A in a blood test can indicate the presence of an inflammatory response in the body, which can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and other conditions.

VIRUS AND BACTERIA SEROLOGIES

• Diphtheria serology (IgG / IgM)
• Tetanus serology (IgG / IgM)
• Serology for Bordetella Pertussis (IgG / IgM)
• Serology for Herpes Simplex I and II (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes Simplex I and II
• Serology for Herpes virus 6 (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes virus 6
• Serology for Herpes virus 7 (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes virus 7
• Serology for Varicella Zoster (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Varicella Zoster
• Serology for Epstein Barr Virus (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Epstein Barr Virus.
• Serology for Cytomegalovirus (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Cytomegalovirus.

IgA and IgM They are immunoglobulins, that is, antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a virus or bacteria in the body.

IgA is found mainly in the mucous membranes of the body, such as the nose, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract, and helps prevent microorganisms from entering the body. Elevated levels of IgA in the blood can indicate an active infection, but it can also be present in autoimmune diseases and certain types of cancer. However, elevated IgA blood levels can also be a random finding and may not necessarily indicate a particular disease.

IgM it is the first antibody produced in response to an acute infection and is most effective against newly invaded microorganisms. Elevated levels of IgM in the blood are an indicator of an acute or recent infection.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) It is a laboratory technique that is used to amplify and detect small amounts of genetic material, such as the DNA or RNA of the virus or bacteria. PCR is commonly used to diagnose viral and bacterial infections.

AUTOIMMUNITY MARKERS

• gamma interferon
• rheumatoid factor
• antinucleic factor
• Anti-native DNA antibodies

Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a protein produced by cells of the immune system, mainly T lymphocytes and NK (natural killer) cells. Detection of elevated levels of Gamma interferon in a blood test may be indicative of an active viral or bacterial infection, as this protein helps stimulate and activate immune system cells to fight infection. It may also be a useful marker for monitoring the immune response to cancer therapies or autoimmune diseases.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an antibody found in the blood that can indicate the presence of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the presence of RF can also be a finding in healthy people and does not necessarily indicate the presence of a disease.

The Antinucleic Factor (ANF) is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of antibodies against the genetic material of the cell nucleus. A positive FAN result suggests the presence of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and other autoimmune diseases. However, a positive result is not enough to confirm a diagnosis, as some people can test positive without having an autoimmune disease.

The presence of anti-native DNA antibodies in a blood test indicates a possible autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or mixed connective tissue disease (MSD). These antibodies attack the body's own DNA, which can cause inflammation and tissue damage. However, it is important to note that the presence of native AntiDNA antibodies is not sufficient to diagnose an autoimmune disease, and a full clinical evaluation is required to confirm the diagnosis.

OTHER BOOKMARKS

• Fasting glucose, urea, creatinine
• T4, T3 and TSH
• TGO, TGP and GGT
• Total and fractional proteins
• Total and fractional bilirubin
• lactic dehydrogenase
• Alkaline phosphatase
• 25 hydroxyvitamin D
• Folic acid
• B12
• serotonin

At Enevia Health you will find all these tests at the best prices on the market, for more information info@eneviahealth.com

SUMMARY OF THE FRAMES

ENLARGED LYMPHOCYTE POPULATIONS - BY FLOW CYTOMETRY

You can buy this panel only in https://testautismo.com/producto/test-panel-linfocitario/

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

• IgE
• IgA
• IgM
• IgD
• IgG
• Subclass-IgG1
• Subclass -IgG2
• Subclass -IgG3
• Subclass -IgG4

ACCESSORIES

• CH50 (Full Complement)
• CH100 (Alternative route)
• C3
• C4

MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
• TNF Alpha (tumor necrosis factor
• interleukin 1
• interleukin 6
• interleukin 17a
• Neuron specific enolase

VIRUS AND BACTERIA SEROLOGIES

• Diphtheria serology (IgG / IgM)
• Tetanus serology (IgG / IgM)
• Serology for Bordetella Pertussis (IgG / IgM)
• Serology for Herpes Simplex I and II (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes Simplex I and II
• Serology for Herpes virus 6 (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes virus 6
• Serology for Herpes virus 7 (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Herpes virus 7
• Serology for Varicella Zoster (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Varicella Zoster
• Serology for Epstein Barr Virus (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Epstein Barr Virus.
• Serology for Cytomegalovirus (IgG / IgM)
• RT-PCR for Cytomegalovirus.

AUTOIMMUNITY MARKERS

• gamma interferon
• rheumatoid factor
• antinucleic factor
• Anti-DNA native antibodies

OTHER BOOKMARKS

• Fasting glucose, urea, creatinine
• T4, T3 and TSH
• TGO, TGP and GGT
• Total and fractional proteins
• Total and fractional bilirubin
• lactic dehydrogenase
• Alkaline phosphatase
• 25 hydroxyvitamin D
• Folic acid
• B12
• serotonin